- "On the classification of GRBs and their occurrence rates" (
https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02732)
GRBs, traditionally classified as “short” and “long” have been often assumed, till recently, to originate from a single Black Hole with an ultrarelativistic jetted emission. There is today clear evidence that both short and long GRBs have as progenitors merging and/or accreting binary systems, each composed by a different combination of iron-carbon-oxygen (FeCO) core, Neutron Stars (NSs) Black Holes (BHs) and white dwarfs in different combinations [1].
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Fig. 1. Structure of the NS hypercritical-accretion region above the NS radius RNS. |
Fig. 2. Neutrino τν and photon optical depths τγ in the NS hypercritical-accretion region above the neutrinosphere τν=1, with selected mass accretion rates. |
This paper sheds new light on the process of hypercritical accretion, which is at the heart of the induced gravitational collapse (IGC) paradigm for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), proposed by prof. Ruffini [2,3] and ICRANet scientists. The IGC paradigm, originally proposed in 2001, has been developed further in 2012 to explain the GRB-SN connection [4]. Within this paradigm a long GRB originates in a binary systems composed of a FeCO core and a NS, where the orbital period measures minutes [4]. In such systems the explosion of FeCO core as a supernova leads to hypercritical accretion onto the NS companion, which reaches the critical mass, hence inducing its gravitational collapse to a BH with consequent emission of the GRB. The IGC paradigm was first successfully applied to GRB 090618 [5,6]. Based on this paradigm the new concept of binary-driven hypernovae (BdHN), characterized by four different episodes of emission with precise spectral and luminosity features, has been proposed by prof. Ruffini with ICRANet scientists for long GRBs [7].
Accretion is a familiar process in astrophysics, and it is known to power such objects as X-ray binaries [8,9]. There the gravitational energy is converted into heat, so that accretion disk emits X-rays. In contrast, according to the BdHN model [7], the gravitational energy of hypercritically accreting matter is released primarily in the form of neutrinos, see Fig. 1 and 2. The accretion process is so violent, with mass accretion rate up to one solar mass per second, that photons remain trapped within the accreting flow. With such huge accretion rates the temperature near the surface of the NS reaches 10 billion of degrees. Actually, this phenomenon was pioneered independently by Zeldovich [10] and Ruffini [11] in 1973, before the discovery of GRBs was announced.
Fig. 3. Snapshots of the expanding supernova ejecta which interacts with the companion neutron star.
The white dot in the origin is the newly formed neutron star.
Estimates of the accretion rate and the possible fate of the accreting NS in the IGC binary were presented by ICRANet scientists already in 2012, see Refs. [4-6]. The new paper reports results of detailed numerical simulations of the explosion of a FeCO core as a supernova and hypercritical accretion of the supernova ejecta on the binary NS companion. These new simulations, performed by Laura Becerra as a part of her PhD thesis in the IRAP PhD program coordinated by ICRANet, involving more than a million of particles, see Fig. 3, include the effects of the finite size of the ejecta for different FeCO core progenitors and confirm the previous estimates, as well as identify the separatrix for such systems, which separate those where BH is formed, and examine the moment of its formation, from those where there is no BH formation. In addition, the expected luminosity of such systems undergoing hypercritical accretion is computed, and the results are shown to be in agreement with observations of the X-ray flash XRF 060218. This work also evidences the asymmetry of the supernova ejecta as induced by the presence of the companion, accreting NS as well as the formation of the new NS, see Fig. 3. The colorful snapshot of interaction between the supernova ejecta and the hypercritically accreting NS shown in Fig. 3 was selected for the poster of IRAP-PhD program for 2016 call.
Fig. 4. Cosmic-matrix of XRFs and BdHNe as introduced in [12].
The new results obtained in this paper:
* show the moment of formation of the BH, as the result of hypercritical accretion of the supernova ejecta onto the companion NS, see Fig. 3;
* give the first treatment of neutrino emission in the process of hypercritical accretion and provide the determination of the neutrinosphere, see Fig. 1 and 2;
* give the first detailed model of a “Cosmic Matrix”, see Fig. 4, which describes these systems as a four-body problem in analogy to the case of particle physics. The “in-state” is represented by the FeCO core and the NS companion. In the case of a BdHN the “out-state” is the a new NS, i.e. the neutron star left by the supernova explosion of the FeCO core, and a BH formed from the gravitational collapse of the NS companion of the FeCO core in the in-state. In XRFs the “out-state” is a new NS and another NS, more massive than the initial one present in the in-state.
These results are supported by numerical simulations done at Los Alamos National Laboratories by Chris Fryer and his group. Laura Becerra, who will receive the joint degree between the Universities of Bremen, Oldenburg, Savoie, Rome, Ferrara, Nice, will be spending six months at Los Alamos, starting 1 November, to foster the collaboration within ICRANet, including the ICRANet seat in Tucson, Arizona, and the Los Alamos National Laboratories.
References:
[1] Ruffini, R., Rueda, J.A., Muccino, M., et al. 2016, ApJ, in press. See also
http://www.icranet.org/pr090916
[2] Ruffini, R., Bianco, C. L., Fraschetti, F., Xue, S.-S., & Chardonnet, P. 2001, ApJ, 555, L117.
[3] Ruffini, R., et al. 2008, in The Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation and Relativistic Field Theories, ed. H. Kleinert, R. T. Jantzen, & R. Ruffini (Singapore: World Scientific), 368.
[4] Rueda, J. A., & Ruffini, R. 2012, ApJ, 758, L7.
[5] Izzo, L., Rueda, J. A., & Ruffini, R. 2012a, A&A, 548, L5.
[6] Izzo, L., Ruffini, R., Penacchioni, A. V., et al. 2012b, A&A, 543, A10.
[7] Ruffini, R., et al. 2014, A&A, 565, L10.
[8] Ruffini, R., Giacconi, R. “Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars Black Holes”, North Holland Pub. Co. Amsterdam 1978
[9] Ruffini, R., in Astrophysics and gravitation: Proceedings of the sixteenth Solvay Conference on Physics at the University of Brussels, September 1973.
[10] Zel'dovich, Y. B., Ivanova, L. N., & Nadezhin, D. K. 1972, Soviet Ast., 16, 209.
[11] Ruffini, R., & Wilson, J. 1973, Physical Review Letters, 31, 1362.
[12] Ruffini, R., Wang, Y., Enderli, M. et al., 2015 ApJ, 798, 10.
- “Strong Lensing by Fermionic Dark Matter” Phys. Rev. D 94, 123004 (2016)
In a recently published paper: L. Gabriel Gómez et al. Phys. Rev. D 94, 123004 (2016), we compute the lensing effects of the pure dark matter (DM) component both on halo scales, where we compare them to the effects of the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) and the nonsingular isothermal sphere DM models, and near the galaxy center, where we compare them with the effects of a Schwarzschild Black hole (BH) with a DM quantum core.
Fig. 1. Deflection angle for the entire galaxy. The ferrmionic model (Inos MC) has to be compared with a combination of black hole and a conventional NFW model.
The DM density profiles predict slightly different deviations of light (of 0.1 arcsec) in the halo part (~8 kpc). However, the effects of strong lensing are achieved for the RAR profile only (for the more compact solution 102 keV: inos MC) at short distances (10-4 pc). The reason for this fundamental difference is the presence of the compact DM quantum core whose effects start to be appreciable even around pc scales. The DM quantum core compactness is not large enough to account for the formation of relativistic images as in the case of a BH. This means that there is no photon sphere, neither inside nor outside the DM quantum core; however, it can generate multiple images and Einstein rings. Interestingly, the proposed Event Horizon Telescope could resolve the predicted shadow of the central BH within the next years with the inclusion of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). If a BH shadow will not be observed, then it will open a window for alternative scenarios regarding the nature of the Sgr A* central object including the DM quantum core predicted by the RAR model.
Other publications
• D. L. Cáceres, S. M. de Carvalho, J. G. Coelho, R. C. R. de Lima, J. A. Rueda, “Thermal X-ray emission from massive, fast rotating, highly magnetized white dwarfs”, to appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Published online on November 23, 2016: <
http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/11/23/mnras.stw3047>
• J. G. Coelho, D. L. Cáceres, R. C. R. de Lima, M. Malheiro, J. A. Rueda, R. Ruffini, "On the nature of some SGRs and AXPs as rotation-powered neutron stars", to appear in Astronomy & Astrophysics.
Durante la 15° riunione del Comitato Direttivo di ICRANet, il Dottor Costantino Zazza ha presentato il suo rapporto su "ICRANet e la classifica mondiale delle università" mostrando il livello di ICRANet secondo il metodo di valutazione conosciuto come "Shangai" basato principalmente su quattro criteri:
• la qualità dell'educazione;
• la qualità del corpo docenti;
• i risultati relativi alle ricerche;
• la performance pro capite.
Egli ha mostrato la lista delle 10 migliori università della classifica ARWU, facendo un confronto tra una di queste, Caltech, e ICRANet. Utilizzando la base dei dati SCOPUS, il Dottor Zazza ha evidenziato che il livello di questi due è simile: 10,73 Caltech (325 unità) vs 9,00 ICRANet (6 unità). Questo confronto mostra il livello più elevato di ICRANet rispetto alle università classificate sulla base delle loro pubblicazioni.
Ciò significa che ICRANet deve essere considerato come un centro di eccellenza dove è possibile fare attività di ricerca ai massimi livelli internazionali.
A questo proposito il Professor Ruffini ha aggiunto che:
- tutte le pubblicazioni dell'ICRANet sono pubblicate sulle riviste scientifiche con un fattore d'impatto elevato (per esempio 5,7 / 5,8 o 6,0);
- una grande attenzione è accordata alla qualità dell'insegnamento pro capite. Per questo, il processo di selezione segue gli standard delle maggiori università americane, come Stanford. Questo fa dell'ICRANet un'isola dell'eccellenza in Armenia, Italia e Brasile.
Inoltre la presenza in ICRANet di scienziati quali il Professor Barrès de Almeida Ulisses, il Professor Vladimir Belinski, il Professor Jorge Rueda, il Professor Ruffini Remo e il Professor Sahakyan Narek contribuisce a questa performance eccezionale.